The clearance rate of each capsular type can be ranked from the fastest to slowest as 14, 18C, 23F, 19F, 19A, 9V, 7F, 6B, 5, 1, 2, 8, 6A, 4, and 3 (Figure 1B).

In the early phase of sepsis, the unencapsulated mutants and the low virulence (LV) capsule variants were rapidly cleared from the blood, while more than half of the inocula of the high virulence (HV) counterparts were sustained in the circulation in the same period, i.e., 30 min post infection. pneumoniae, the researchers demonstrated a decisive role for the capsular type (serotype) in the virulence of pneumococci (Figure 1A). By using multiple clinical isolates and isogenic capsule-switched derivatives of S. To answer this scientific question, Jing-Ren Zhang’s group investigated the functional role of bacterial capsules in a mouse sepsis model. However, it remains a mystery where and how the capsules do their job in the host. These phagocytes are widely used in in vitro cell models. The capsule has long been regarded as slippery shield that protects bacteria from the phagocytic killing of circulating phagocytes in the blood, e.g., neutrophils, monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages. The importance of the capsule in bacterial virulence was elegantly used by Avery and his colleagues to demonstrate DNA as the genetic material in 1944, a milestone study in biology (DOI: 10.1084/jem.79.2.137). Encapsulated bacteria are the most common sepsis pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and so on. Sepsis is a common and often lethal syndrome, which represents one of the most serious infection diseases. This work demonstrated how the capsules enable bacterial pathogens to circumvent molecular recognition and phagocytic killing of Kupffer cells in the liver, and thus define the virulence levels of blood-borne bacteria and the outcomes of septic infections. Jing-Ren Zhang’s group at the Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, published a research article on Main the Journal of Experimental Medicine, entitled “Functional vulnerability of liver macrophages to capsules defines virulence of blood-borne bacteria”. Expectations and perceptions of benefits, barriers, and success in public sector knowledge networks, Public Performance and Management Review, 29(4):433-466.Prof. Challenges and strategies for conducting international public management research, Administration and Society, 38: 596-622. Leadership and authority patterns in public sector knowledge networks, American Review of Public Administration, 37(1): 91-113. Public Administration Review, 68(6): 82-102. The evolution and continuing challenges of e-governance. Government Information Quarterly, 26(2): 257-264. Governance in the digital age: a research and action framework for an uncertain future. From need to know to need to share: tangled problems, information boundaries, and the building of public sector knowledge networks, Public Administration Review, 69(3): 392-402. Dawes, Sharon S., Cresswell, Anthony M.She has been honored with leadership awards from public, private, and academic organizations. She serves on advisory committees for the US National Science Foundation, the National Archives and Records Administration, and the United Nations University. She spent her early career as a government program manager, including seven years as an associate commissioner responsible for New York's then $12 billion welfare programs.Ī fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration, Sharon was elected the first president of the Digital Government Society of North America in 2006. Before coming to CTG, she was executive director of the New York State Forum for Information Resource Management, and an executive fellow at the Rockefeller Institute of Government. Sharon is also professor emerita of Public Administration and Policy and Informatics and led the development of the UAlbany's Government Information Strategy and Management curriculum in public administration. Under her leadership, CTG received several prestigious national awards including the Innovations in American Government Award. As fellow emerita, Sharon develops international research and innovation partnerships with academic institutions and government agencies in Asia, Europe, and other countries.įrom 1993 to 2007, Sharon served as CTG's founding director, building and nurturing research programs, applied projects, and public-private-academic partnerships.

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